Pathways from Adverse Childhood Experiences to Nervous System Dysregulation
Abstract
The type, timing, duration and frequency of exposures to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) or early life stresses (prenatal/postnatal) are likely antecedents of nervous system dysregulation manifesting across multiple systems. These are mediated through multiple neuroendocrine axes(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid, pituitary-growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF), hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal) and the autonomic system(sympathetic or parasympathetic), but also affect neuro-immune interactions (innate and adaptive immunity) and the neuroenteric system(gastric, intestinal, and hepato-pancreatic).
Even in the absence of abuse or neglect, children are increasingly exposed to three overarching trends: 1) parental use of psychotropic drugs and substances; 2) inconsistent or distracted parenting; and 3) deprivation from natural environments, social engagements, and unstructured non-technologically-dependent play. These children may fail to acquire developmentally appropriate self-regulation, coping skills, or peer engagement skills; they often receive pharmaceuticals for behavioral compliance, as opposed to mindfulness, self-reflection, or cognitive-behavioral therapy to guide self-development. Children presenting with clinically unexplained symptoms across multiple domains (executive dysfunction, sleep disturbances, autonomic dysregulation, somatization, digestive symptoms, emotional dysregulation) are susceptible to permanent reductions in grey matter volume, cognitive/behavioral problems, and poorer physical and mental health. Stress from early childhood adversity disrupts their first-time learning experiences; acclimatizes them toward pathways of either positive (supportive, nurturing) or negative (fear inducing) reinforcement of affiliated experiences, internalizing or externalizing behaviors, and impaired self-regulation.
Keywords
References
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18103/imr.v4i10.773
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