Structure of single particles from randomly oriented ensembles
Abstract
The method of time-resolved crystallography offers a method of studying fast changes
in structure during a chemical reaction. However, being a crystallographic method
it is restricted to crystal structures. The problem with this is that most chemical
reactions under physiological conditions happen in solution and not on molecules
which are part of a crystal. The main problem with trying to study chemical reactions
in solution is that one needs a powerful source of X-rays which will give a measurable
signal even from small numbers of randomly oriented molecules. The newly developed
X-ray free electron laser allows this, when combined with a novel theoretical technique.
Of course we understand one of the strengths of working with crystals is that the
signal comes not from one but from trillions of identically oriented unit cell. The problem is that most chemical reactions do nottake place in crystals. Two main developments allow us to overcome this limitation. One is the development of the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) which is capable of
producing X-rays many orders of magnitude brighter, which may even allow structure
determination of individual molecules. In this paper we descrbe a method of achieveing this goal
without the need for crystals. Luckily there has been a corresponding increase in understanding of scattering by disordered arrays. One of the things that has become realized recently is that if one concentrates not on the bare intensities of scattering, but on what are known as their angular correlations these are characteristic, over most of their range, of the structure
but on not of the orientation of the molecules, provided the scattering is from a
dilute disordered ensemble. Consequently, the way has been opened for the study of
molecules via scattering by ensembles that are not identically oriented. What is more,
techniques have further been developed for following fast changes in the structure of
such molecules in a pump-probe experiment.
Keywords
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18103/imr.v0i5.61
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