Exercise and Atherogenesis
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, ischemic heart disease and stroke are the top two causes of mortality worldwide, accounting for a total of 14.1 million deaths in 2012. A number of studies have shown that regularly performed moderate-intensity physical exercise reduces the risk of dying from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), in part by reducing the impact of risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. How physical exercise affects atherogenesis at the molecular level, however, is incompletely understood. This review examines what is currently known about the role that myokines, adipokines, endothelial cells, macrophages, interleukins and telomeres play in atherogenesis and how their activities are modified by regularly performed physical exercise. The evidence suggests that in persons at risk of ASCVD, exercise changes the balance between the proportion of immune cells producing atherogenic cytokines and those producing atheroprotective cytokines. There are likely multiple contributors to this change, including shear stress-related normalization of endothelial cell function, the production of anti-inflammatory myokines, adipokines and cytokines, and the influence of exercise on telomere length.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18103/imr.v3i5.475
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