Transplacental Viral Infection: Mechanisms and Manifestations
Abstract
In 21st century, infectious disease control is much faster than never before. In combination of robotic instruments and high-tech analytic tools, we are able to put pieces of knowledge of how immune networks interact to fight against infectious agents, and to develop vaccines and better treatments. Treatments for pregnant women for highly contagious diseases have been a major challenge for current medicine because the complications of the interactions between fetal and maternal immune systems during pregnancy, including suppression of maternal immune system to avoid rejection of fetus and to protect fetus from pathogens or any harmful agents during gestation. This article focuses on what defense systems are built in nature to prevent viral transplacental infection, and to ensure a safe pregnancy for the mother and healthy development of the fetus. In addition to innate and acquired immunity to decease pathogens, placental barrier and placental immunity further provide restriction of viral entry and viral replication in placenta. Viral pathogens are able to utilize various means to infect placental trophoblasts and to transplacentally infect the fetus. The teratogenic effects of several viruses and potential clinical manifestations of congenital infections are also discussed. Because of the efficiency of placental barrier and the placental immunity, to restrict most of viral infection, only very few viruses can transplacentally infect fetus in pregnant women. The consequences of the transplacental infection also vary at different stages of gestation. Transplacental infections happened in early gestation can lead to more adverse outcomes, including stillbirth, abortion, and congenital malformations of fetus, such as ZIKV transplacental infection associated with developing microcephaly and neurological disorders of affected fetus. Therefore, prevention of viral infection in pregnant women, and understanding mechanisms of transplacental infections may help to develop better therapeutic strategy for congenital infectious diseases.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18103/imr.v2i8.189
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